雅思口语

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口语

一. 音标

1.1 音标表

英语国际音标表（48个）：

  • 元音（20个）

    • 长元音（单元音）：/ɑ:/ /ɔ:/ /ɜ:/ /i:/ /u:/

    • 短元音（单元音）：/ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/

    • 双元音：/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/

  • 辅音（28个）

    • 清辅音：/p/ / t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ / h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/
    • 浊辅音：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/
    • 鼻辅音：/m/ /n/ /ǀ/ /ŋ/ /r/
    • 半元音：/j/ /w/

音素分类表：

i: I ʊ u: ɪə eɪ X
e ə ɜ: ɔ: ʊə ɔɪ əʊ
æ ʌ ɑ: ɒ eə aɪ aʊ
p b t d tʃ dʒ k g
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ
m n ŋ h ǀ r w j

1.2 发音

元音

  • cop [ɑ] 类似于医生让你张大嘴说”啊”

  • the [ə] 类似于汉字”额”

  • cup [ʌ] 用[ə]的嘴型发[ɑ]

  • boot [u] 类似于汉字”乌”

  • book [ʊ] 用[ə]的嘴型发[u]

  • beat [i] 类似于汉字”衣”

  • bit [ɪ] 类似于惊讶时发出的”咦”

  • make [eɪ] 类似于接电话时说的”喂”的尾音

  • head [ɛ] 类似于欢呼时喊的”耶”拖长后的尾音

  • had [æ] 类似于羊叫声”咩”拖长后的尾音

  • law [ɔ] 类似于汉字”奥”

  • now [aʊ] 类似于突然被人在肚子上打了一锤后发出的叫声

  • bite [aɪ] 类似于老外说”我爱你”中的”爱”字

  • boy [ɔɪ] 从[ɔ]滑动到[ɪ]

  • go [əʊ] 从[ə]滑动到[ʊ]

辅音

  • web [w] 类似于汉字”乌”

  • yes [j] 类似于汉字”衣”

  • father [f] 类似于汉语拼音声母f

  • very [v] 发[f]时声带振动

  • red [r] 嘴巴向前撅, 舌头向后缩, 舌尖向上卷(r位于元音前)

  • car [r] 舌头向后缩, 舌尖向上卷(r位于元音后)

  • light [l] 舌尖抵住上齿背后, 把舌头滑落下来, 在滑落的过程中发音(l位于元音前)

  • well [l] 舌尖向前向上滑动, 抵住上牙齿背后, 在上滑的过程中发音(l位于元音后)

  • night [n] 和l动作一模一样, 但气流从鼻腔发出(n位于元音前)

  • pen [n] 和n动作一模一样, 但气流从鼻腔发出(n位于元音后)

  • mom [m] 类似于闭着嘴巴说”嗯”

  • sing [ŋ] 舌头后部上抬, 抵住软腭, 说”嗯”

  • roads [dz] 类似于汉字”资”

  • let’s [ts] 类似于汉字”词”

  • boss [s] 类似于汉字”思”

  • rose [z] 发[s]时声带振动

  • thanks [ɵ] 舌尖放到上下齿之间, 然后发[s]

  • them [ð] 舌尖放到上下齿之间, 然后发[z]

  • just [dʒ] 类似于汉字”知”

  • check [tʃ] 类似于汉字”吃”

  • she [ʃ] 类似于汉字”师”

  • Asia [ʒ]类似于汉字”日”

  • try [tr] 类似于汉字”出”

  • dry [dr] 类似于汉字”猪”

  • pet [p] 类似于汉语拼音声母p

  • bed [b] 类似于汉语拼音声母b

  • too [t] 类似于汉语拼音声母t

  • do [d] 类似于汉语拼音声母d

  • kiss [k] 类似于汉语拼音声母k

  • go [g] 类似于汉语拼音声母g

  • how [h] 类似于汉语拼音声母h

（1）长元音

  • /ɑ:/
    • 嘴型：嘴张大，舌身平放后缩，舌尖离开下齿，舌后部略抬起，开口度比**/ʌ/**大
  • /ɔ:/
    • 嘴型：
  • /ɜ:/
    • 嘴型：
  • /i:/
    • 嘴型：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部尽量抬起，嘴唇向两边伸开，呈扁平状，注意把音发足
  • /u:/
    • 嘴型：

（2）短元音

  • /ʌ/
  • /ɒ/
  • /ə/
  • /ɪ/
  • /ʊ/
  • /e/
  • /æ/

（3）双元音

（4）清辅音

（5）浊辅音

（6）鼻辅音

  • /m/
    • 嘴型：闭上嘴吹，用鼻子发音（振动）
    • 单词：
      • more /mɔ:/
      • hammer /‘hæmə/
      • sum /sʌm/
  • /n/
  • /ǀ/
  • /ŋ/
  • /r/

（7）半元音

英语音标及字母组合对照

1.元音:

\1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei （eo ey i）

three tree green sheep meet beef see seek

eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please

he she me

piece receive ceiling

\2) [ I ]发音字母 i y e ui u a

sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss

myth many twenty happy dictionary

defect decide delicious

\3) [ æ ] 发音字母 a

bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man

\4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a （ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay）

head bread pleasure

elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes

many any

\5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or

girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird

turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger

learn earn earth heard

term her nerd serve

work worm work world

\6) [ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u

teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

doctor actor mayor author tractor

delicious gracious pleasure

familiar collar dollar

together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite

around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china

men listen

famulus Saturday

\7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a

car farm card arm garden

fast class last glass plant aunt calm

\8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母 u o ou oo

up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus

come mother dose brother love above

trouble rough flourish

blood flood

\9) [ɔ: ]字母组合 al or au our ar

small wall talk tall hall ball call walk

short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store

author caught autumn

four mourn court bought

warm quarrel quarter

\10) [ ɔ ] ([ɒ])发音字母 o a ou

hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not

want wash watch

\11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u

food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth

shoe do two

true truth blue full prude

\12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u o

look good foot book wood

should could

put full bull pull push

woman wolf

\13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey

name cake late gate plane April

play say may way

great break

rain paint plain

they grey

\14) [ai] 发音字母 i y

bike fine find die nine light night high

my try fly eye

\15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow

house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse

flower down now cow how town

\16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oa

home cold go no phone host ghost

know low below grow blow show flow

boat coat goal

\17) [ ɔɪ ] 字母组合oy oi

boy toy joy

oil soil voice choice

\18) [iε] 字母组合 eer ear

beer deer

ear near

here fierce idea

\19) [ ɛə ] ([eə])字母组合ear air ere

pear bear

chair air fair

there where

care

\20) [uε] [auə]字母组合our ower

hour tour

flower shower

新旧英语国际音标对照表

Vowels元音 新 i: І e æ З: ə Λ u: ʊ ɔ:
旧 i: i e æ ə: ə Λ u: u ɔ:
新 ɒ ɑ: eI aI ɔI əʊ aʊ Iə eə ʊə
旧 ɔ ɑ: ei ai ɔi əu au iə εə uə
Consonants辅音 无变化 p b t d k g f v s z
ϑ ð m n ŋ l r h w j
∫ ʒ t∫ dʒ tr dr ts dz

Thinking in English

  1. Name objects around you in English.Think obout pronunciation.YouGlish（搜索发音网站）Every time you`re in a new room/environment, take a few seconds to do it.The context will help you to remember them.
  2. Think in simple sentences.
    • I`m XXX
    • The drawer is open. My desk is empty.
    • If there`s something you can`t describe, look up the words you need in a dictionary, memorize it
    • Get an English-only dictionary rather than a translating dictionary between English and your native language.We`re building your mind to work in English mode rather than translation mode.（Merriam-Webster）
  3. Hava small conversations with yourself in English.Set aside 2 minutes every day to have a simple conversation with yourself.Do this every day for 30 days. Don`t take a day off.
  4. Change at least one of your everyday life things to English.
    • Switch your calendar to English.Use the English months and days of the week.
    • To-do list. A grocery list. write your`re going to be doing in English.
    • Set your App language to English.
    • Read an English newspaper, or listen to news in English，try write something in Englsih.
    • When you do something like getting dressed、cleaning up，As you`re doing it, in your head, narrate in English.
    • Learn something only in English.
  5. Keep track so you`re doing it every day.

发音

  • 清音：发音时声带（喉结下面一点）不振动的音，如/t/
  • 浊音：发音时声带振动的音，如/d/

1 单词结尾的S

  • /s/：单词最后一个音是清音
    • /p/：shop-shops
    • /t/：cat-cats
    • /k/：week-weeks
    • /f/：brief-briefs
  • /z/：单词最后一个音是浊音
    • /b/ 、/d/、/g/、/l/、/r/：cube-cubes，bed-beds，dog-dogs，
    • /w/、/m/、/n/、/v/、/y/ ：come-comes，corn-corns，wave-waves
  • /iz/：单词结尾是以S /s/ 、Z /z/ 、sh /ʃ/ 、ch /tʃ/ 、dg /dʒ/ 这些音结尾
    • /s/：bus-buses
    • /z/：raise-raises
    • /ʃ/：push-push-es
    • /tʃ/：bench-benches
    • /dʒ/：page-pages
  • 特殊：单词以S结尾，但发音为/z/，如is、His、because、easy、please

2 W和V发音区别

  • W字母发音：Double U
  • W单词发音：嘴唇呈亲吻状，并送气发音
    • why、what、when、swing、swap、sweet
  • V单词发音：上排牙齿紧靠下嘴唇，并送气发音
    • very、Vincent、victory、every
  • 练习：
    • vest - west
    • visor - wiser
    • viper - wiper
    • verse - worse
    • vine - wine

3 容易搞混的TH

  • 对比如下单词发音区别：
    • Thank - sank
    • Think - sink
    • Thick - sick
    • Thing - sing
  • TH发音：舌头在上下牙齿间，然后送气发音
    • 清音/θ/：咬住舌头，送气发音
    • 浊音/ð/：咬住舌头，声带振动（兹）
    • 规则：
      1. 当th位于单词词首，判断词性。
        • 实词（名词、动词、形容词、数字词）发清音：thing、throat、Thursday、think、thank、throw、thick、thirsty、thoughtful、three、third。
        • 虚词（功能词、代词、连接词）发浊音：this、those、then、than、their、there、them、they、these、therefore、though
      2. 当th位于单词词中：
        • 如果后面接er或者最后一个字母为不发音的e，发浊音：feather、weather、leather、further、father、bathe、breathe、loathe
        • 其他情况发清音：truthful、faithful、method、nothing、wealthy
      3. 当th位于单词词尾，大多数为清音，极少数个例发浊音如with。
  • S发音：不需要咬舌头，牙齿可以挨着，与中文S一致

4 ed结尾发音

  • /t/：单词尾音是清音
    • p - helped、stoped
    • k - asked、talked、walked
    • f - sniffed、cuffed
    • gh - laughed
    • sh - washed
    • ch - watched
    • ss - kissed
    • c - danced
    • x - fixed
  • /d/：单词尾音是浊音
    • v：loved
    • m：doomed
    • n：learned
    • s：used
    • r：fired
  • /id/：单词以/t/或/d/两个音结尾
    • t - wanted、visited
    • d - needed、handed

5 L发音

  • 日韩母语没有L，会和R分不清。
  • /l/音标只有一个，但发音有两个：
    • light l：单词开头或单词中间，嘴巴张开，下巴下移同时舌头上移，舌尖自然接触上排牙齿背面位置，然后发音（先抬舌头再发音）：listen、like、live、blow、fly、follow。
    • dark l：单词词尾，把舌头抬起来的过程发音（先发音再抬舌头）：still、cool、pull、feel、school、bell。

6

7

多用辅助动词，如：因为可以跟动词原形，而不用考虑时态问题

  • can / able to：能
  • should：应该
  • would like to：愿意
  • must/have to：必须
  • want to：想要

三. 学习技巧

3.1 影子跟读

有助于口语，加强发音、语调和语速方面的练习，也可以提高听力理解能力。

  1. 找到一段适合自己当前英语水平的音频，可以是短对话、听力素材、有声新闻、影视剧片段等。
  2. 播放时注意听清发音和语调，并理解意思。
  3. 播放后马上跟读这段内容，尽量模仿原音。
  4. 反复进行跟读练习，多次练习同一段音频，直到自己可以流利、自然的说出为止。

3.2 自然拼读法

自然拼读法（Phonics）指看到一个英语单词，就可以根据英文字母在单词里的发音规律把这个单词念出来的一种方法。它通过建立字母或字母组合与词形之间的对应关系，即词汇的各种拼读规律，帮助学生读、写和记忆词汇。

儿童学习语言的顺序是听、说、读、写，积累了一定量发音的词汇量后并不意味着能够“识字”，自然拼读法是串联发音和单词拼写的桥梁。但中国的英语教育中儿童是从阅读开始，没有前置的词汇积累阶段。

学习途径：

英文有26个字母，但发音的音素有44个，字母和发音并非一一对应。

  1. Decoding
  2. Reading Fluency
  3. Reading Automaticity
  4. Reading Comprehension

自然拼读法基本规则汇总

四. 纯正英式短语&句型1000条

内容来自《会让你在IELTS写作与口语考试中更像一个Native Speaker的纯正英式短语&英式句型1000条》

4.1 话题-教育

sth. be an arduous process

  • 中文含义：某事是一个需要付出艰苦努力的过程

  • 同义：= sth. be a tiring process that requires a great deal of effort

  • 第二语言者倾向表达：sth. is an exhausting thing to do.

  • 实战例句：Attending a university with a top-tier reputation often is an arduous but rewarding process.

    考入一所名牌大学通常是一次需要付出艰苦努力但回报也同样丰厚的过程。

  • 联想句型：

    1. be very rewarding

      有回报的 = making someone feel satisfied

      Teaching can be a very rewarding career. It allows teachers to have an input in the development of young lives.

    2. someone`s aspiration / pursuit

      梦想，追求（代替dream的地道表达）= someone`s strong wish for achievement

      The educational aspirations / pursuits of rural youth tend to be different from those of students living elsewhere.

concentrate on sth.

  • 中文含义：集中精力于某事

  • 同义：= direct someone`s thoughts or attention towards sth.

  • 实战例句：Some people think it is more effective to educate boys and girls in single-sex schools because they believe this environment reduces distractions and encourages pupils to concentrate on their studies.

    一些人认为在男校或女校教育孩子更为有效，因为单一性别环境可以减少干扰并鼓励孩子们集中精力地学习

  • 联想句型：

    1. form the basic of sth.

      为某事物打下基础 = provide the ideas or actions from which sth. can develop

      Traditional ways of teaching form the basic of the lesson.

use lateral thinking

  • 中文含义：鼓励发散型思维

  • 同义：= use a creative approach to solving problems

  • 第二语言者倾向表达：think in a creative way

  • 实战例句：Using lateral thinking, the students can solve problems in an unconventional manner now.

    通过利用发散式思维，学生们可以用不走寻常路的方式来解决问题。

  • 联想句型：

    1. rely on linear thinking

      依赖于直线型的思维；受到思维局限 = depend on habits of thought in which one idea follows directly from another one

      The students should not rely on linear thinking habits. Instead, they should think more innovatively.

    2. break the mould

      打破常规 = change a situation by doing sth. unprecedented

      He made an attempt to break the mould of British politics.

academic performance

  • 中文含义：学业表现

  • 同义：= how good or bad a student is academically

  • 第二语言者倾向表达：grades

  • 实战例句：Tyler`s academic performance has been disappointing.

    泰勒的学习表现十分令人失望。

  • 联想句型：

    1. academic qualifications

      学历 = the degrees, diplomas and certificates that someone has acquired.

      Today academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.

    2. standardised test

      标准化考试 = tests that are designed to give each test-taker the same questions in the same format.

      High scores on standardised tests are not necessarily the best indicator of giftedness.

      If primary language teaching is not standardised, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake.

    3. be gifted / be talented

      有天赋的 = has an impressive natural ability

      In the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more gifted than ourselves/

  • 中文含义：
  • 同义：
  • 第二语言者倾向表达：
  • 实战例句：
  • 联想句型：
  • 中文含义：
  • 同义：
  • 第二语言者倾向表达：
  • 实战例句：
  • 联想句型：